The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Collaboration is a interprofessional procedure of communicating and determination devising that enables shared cognition and accomplishments in wellness attention suppliers to synergistically act upon the ways service user/patient attention and the broader community wellness services are provided ( Way et al, 2002 ) . The development of collaborative working will needfully imply close interprofessional working ( Wilson et al. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Wilson et Al, ( 2008 ) and Hughes, Hemmingway A ; Smith, ( 2005 ) interprofessional and collaborative working describes sing the service user in a holistic manner, and the benefits to the service user that different administrations, such as Social Workers ( SW ) , Occupational Therapists ( OT ) and District Nurse ( DN ) and other wellness professionals can convey working together can accomplish. These definitions describe collaborative working as the act of people working together toward common ends. Integrated working involves setin g the service user at the Centre of determination doing to run into their demands and better their lives ( Dept of Health, 2009 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This paper will concentrate first see why wellness attention pupils learn about working together so reexamining authorities policy and how this can be applied in a Social Care context, so on act uponing factors on the results of collaborative working mentions within the professional literature, and eventually, reexamining grounds on collaborative pattern in wellness and societal attention. Learning to work collaboratively with other professionals and bureaus is a clear outlook of societal worker in the prescribed course of study for the new Social Work Degree ( DoH 2002 ) . The grounds are field: a-? Service users want societal workers who can join forces efficaciously with others to obtain and provide services ( Audit Commission 2002 ) a-? Collaboration is cardinal in implementing schemes for effectual attention and protection of kids and of vulnerable adultsas underlined, severally, by the recent study of the Victoria Climbie Inquiry ( Crippling 2003 ) and the earlier No Secrets policies ( DoH 2000 ) a-? Effective coaction between staff at the front-line is besides a important ingredient in presenting the Government s broader ends of partnership between services ( Whittington 2003 ) . Experience is turning of what is involved in larning for collaborative pattern. This experience promises valuable information for Social Work Degree suppliers and others developing larning chances but has non been consistently researched in UK societal work programmes for a decennary ( Whittington 1992 ; Whittington et al 1994 ) . The suppliers of Diploma in Social Work programmes ( DipSW ) represented an untapped beginning of straight movable experience in this country of acquisition and were hence chosen as the focal point of the survey. Making collaborative pattern a world in establishments requires an apprehension of the indispensable elements, persistent and go oning attempts, and strict rating of results. Satisfaction, quality, and cost effectivity are indispensable factors on two dimensions: results for patient attention suppliers ; and results for patients. Ultimately, collaborative pattern can be recognized by demonstrated effectual communicating forms, accomplishment of enhanced patient attention results, and efficient and effectual support services in topographic point. If these standards are non met, collaborative pattern is a myth and non a world in your establishment. Simms LM, Dalston JW, Roberts PW. Collaborative pattern: myth or world? Hosp Health Serv Adm. 1984 Nov-Dec ; 29 ( 6 ) :36-48. PubMed PMID: 10268659. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Health attention pupils are thought about coaction so that they can see the alone part that each professional can convey to the proviso of attention in a genuinely holistic manner. Learning about working together can assist forestall the development of negative stereotypes, which can populate interprofessional coaction. ( Tunstall-Pedoe et al 2003 ) Health attention pupils can associate theory they have leant with pattern and bring added value of successful collaborative pattern. ( www.facuity.londondeanery.ac.uk ) Learning collaborative pattern with other professionals is the nucleus outlook in societal work instruction both measure uping and station grad. Effective coaction and interaction can straight act upon a SU intervention, in a positive manner, and the antonym can be said about uneffective coaction that can hold terrible branchings, which has been cited in legion public enquiries. Professionals should besides portion information about SU s to maintain themselves and their co-workers safe from injury. Working together to safeguard kids states that developing on safeguarding kids and immature people should be embedded within a wider model of committedness to bury and multi-agency working at strategic and operational degrees underpinned by shared ends, be aftering procedures and values. The Children Act 1989 recognised that the designation and probe of kid maltreatment, together with the protection and support of victims and their households, requires multi-agency coaction. Caring for People ( DH, 1989 ) stated that successful coaction required a clear, common apprehension by every bureau of each others duties and powers, in order to do kick how and with whom coaction should be secured. It is apparent from the above that Government has been actively advancing collaborative working, and this is reflected in professional literature. Hence, the policy clime and legislative background were established to ease inter-agency and intra-agency coaction. The declared purpose has been to make high quality, needs-led, coordinated services that maximised pick for the service user ( Payne, 1995 ) . Political force per unit area in recent old ages has focused attending on interprofessional coaction in SW ( Pollard, Sellman A ; Senior, 2005 ) and when viewed as a good thing , it is worthwhile to critically analyze its benefits and drawbacks merely what is so good about it. ( Leathard, 2003 ) . Interprofessional coaction benefits the service user by the usage of complementary accomplishments, shared cognition, resources and possibility better occupation satisfaction. Soon after the new Labour authorities in 1997 gave a powerful new drift to the construct of coaction and partnership between wellness professionals and services, they recognised this and there was a overplus of societal policy enterprises official on collaborative working published. A clear indicant of this can be found in NHS Plan ( DH, 2000 ) , Modernizing the Social Services ( DH, 1998a ) . Policies concent rated on bureau constructions and better articulation working. This was nil new, since the 1970s there has been a turning accent on multiagency working. 1974 saw the first large imperativeness engagement in the decease of a kid ( Maria Coldwell ) and they questioned why professionals were non able to protect kids who they had identified as most at hazard. The pendulum of menace to kids so swung excessively much the other manner and the thresholds for intercessions were significantly lowered, which culminated with the Cleveland Inquiry of 1988 when kids were removed from their households when there was small concrete grounds of injury ( Butler-Sloss, 1988 ) , with excessively much accent put on the medical sentiment. An equilibrium was needed for a collaborative work moral principle to portion cognition and accomplishments and Munro ( 2010 ) provinces that other service bureaus can non and should non replace SWs, but there is a demand for bureaus to prosecute professionally about kid s, immature people and households on their caseloads. The Children Act 2004 ( Dept of Health, 2004 ) and associated authorities counsel, introduced following the Public Inquiry into the decease of Victoria Climbie in 2000, including Every Child Matters ( Dept of Health, 2003 ) , were written to emphasize the importance of interprofessional and multiagency working and to assist better it. The failure to join forces efficaciously was highlighted as one of many missed chances by the enquiry into the tragic decease of Victoria Climbie ( Laming, 2003 ) and Baby Peter ( Munro, 2009 ) . There is an premise that shared information is information understood jobs with information sharing and effectual commination are cited once more and once more in public question studies Rose and Barnes 2008 ; Brandon et Al, 2008 ) . These jobs can merely be approximately really practical issues, such as holds in information shearing, lost messages, names and references that are falsely recorded ( Crippling 2003 cited in Ten booby traps and how to avoid them 2010 ) An expressed purpose was to actuate the part of multiagency working. By 1997 Labour had been re elected and rolled out a figure of surveies into coaction. These surveies revealed the many complexnesss and obstructions to collaborative working ( Weinstein, 2003 ) . The chief drivers of the authorities s wellness and societal attention policies were partnership, coaction and multi-disciplinary working. One of the countries covered by Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010 ( Dept of Health, 2010 ) stated that administrations and bureaus should work together to recognize and pull off any person who presents a hazard of injury to kids. The Children Act 1989 ( Dept of Health, 1989 ) requires multi-agency coaction to assist indentify and look into any instances of kid maltreatment, and the protection and support of victims and their households. It should be remembered that everyone brings their piece of expertise/ cognition to assist construct the saber saw ( Working Together 2010 ) an d to measure the service user in a holistic manner. Although the virtues of coaction have seldom been disputed, the hazard of struggle between the professional groups remains. Some of the barriers to coaction are different resource allotment systems, different answerability constructions, professional tribalism, gait of alteration and disbursement restraints The disadvantages are if commissioning was led by wellness, an over-emphasis on wellness attention demands, and unfairnesss between patients from different patterns There are challenges in footings of professional and personal opposition to alter ; it is hard to alter entrenched attitudes even through inter-professional instruction. Sometimes professionals disagree about the causes of and the solutions to jobs, they may hold different aims because of different paradigms ( Pierson A ; M, 2010 ) . There are besides several concerns for SWs which include non cognizing which appraisals to utilize, looking to be different or work otherwise from others in the squad, non being taken earnestly or listened to by co-workers and non holding sufficient clip or resources because of budget restraints ( Warren, 2007 ) . Some of the logical thinking for this pessimistic temper is feelings of inequality and competitions, the comparative position and power of professionals, professional individuality and district. Different forms of answerability and discretion between professionals, are all lending factors to these feelings ( Hudson, 2002 ) . Thompson ( 2009 ) suggests that alternatively of the SW being viewed as the expert with all the replies to the jobs, they should step back and expression at what other professionals can lend. Collaborative working offers a manner frontward, in which the SW works with everyone involved with the clients ; carers, voluntary workers and other professional staff, to maximize the resources, therefore giving an chance for doing advancement and affording the service user the best possible attention. Weinstein, et Al, ( 2003 ) stated that although there are jobs with collaborative working, the possible positive results out-weight the negatives. There could be a more incorporate, seasonably and consistent response to the many complex homo jobs, fewer visits, better record maintaining and transportation of information, and some decrease of hazard ; therefore the whole is greater than the amount of the parts. If SWs work in silos , working in a vacuity, they are improbable to maximize their impact ( Brodie, 2008 ) . It is of import to utilize coaction and an interprofessional/multi bureau working civilization in Social Work in order that the most vulnerable service users receive the best possible appraisals of their demands. The advantages are better apprehension of the restraints of each bureau and system overall, shared information on local demands, decrease in duplicate of appraisals, better planning, avoiding the blame civilization when jobs occurred and accessing societal attention via wellness less stigmatising. Greater cognition of the SWs functions and duties by other wellness attention professionals will guarantee that the SWs function is non substituted in appraisal of the service users fortunes and demands ( Munro, 2010 ) . The Munro Report ( 2010 ) besides states that if everyone holds a piece of the saber saw a full image is impossible until every piece is put together. Working together to Safeguard Children states a multi-professional attack is required to guarantee coaction among all involved, which may include ambulance staff, A A ; E section staff, medical examiners officers, constabularies, GPs, wellness visitants, school nurses, community kids s nurses, accoucheuses, baby doctors, alleviant or terminal of life attention staff, mental wellness professionals, substance abuse workers, hospital mourning staff, voluntary bureaus, medical examiners, diagnosticians, forensic medical testers, local authorization kids s societal attention, YOTs, probation, schools, prison staff where a kid has died in detention and any others who may happen themselves with a part to do in single instances ( for illustration, fire combatants or faith leaders ) . In a survey by Carpenter et Al ( 2003 ) refering the impact on staff of supplying integrated attention in multi-disciplinary mental wellness squads in the North of England, the most positive consequences were found in countries where services were to the full integrated. There is much grounds to propose that coaction represents an ethical method of pattern where differences are respected, but used creatively to happen solutions to complex jobs. In kernel the service user should be cared for in a holistic attack and to accomplish this coaction is the reply. ( 1516 ) Professor Munro askes Some local countries have introduced societal work-led, multi-agency vicinity squads to assist inform best following stairss in regard of a kid or immature individual, including whether a formal kid protection intercession is needed. Do you believe this is utile? Do you hold grounds of it working good? What are the practical deductions of this attack? ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2011/01/04/116046/munro-asks-frontline-workers-what-needs-to-change.htm )

Free Essays on Rosencrantz And Guildenstern

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, written in the 1960s by playwright Tom Stoppard, is a transformation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Stoppard effectively relocates Shakespeare’s play to the 1960s by reassessing and reevaluating the themes and characters of Hamlet and considering core values and attitudes of the 1960s- a time significantly different to that of Shakespeare. He relies on the audience’s already established knowledge of Hamlet and transforms a revenge tragedy into an Absurd drama, which shifts the focus from royalty to common man. Within Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Stoppard uses a play within a play to blur the line that defines reality, and in doing so creates confusion both onstage- with his characters, and offstage- with the audience. Using these techniques, Stoppard is able make a statement about his society, creating a play that reflected the attitudes and circumstances of the 1960s, therefore making it more relevant and relatable to t he audiences of that time. The transformation of a Shakespearean Revenge Tragedy into an Absurd Drama means a considerable change in structure from a well-structured and rigid format, into a chaotic and formless play. Stoppard deliberately alters the configuration of the play to create a confusing atmosphere, which creates the exact feeling of society in the 1960s- no definites or certainties to rely on. Language portrays meaning in both plays- the language of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead differs to that of Hamlet. Stoppard employs meaningless colloquial exchanges, such as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s question game, which strongly contrasts to Shakespearean elaborate and poetic verse, as seen throughout the play, especially in Hamlet’s soliloquies- â€Å"There is special providence in the fall of a sparrow.† This is thoughtful and philosophical. Stoppard’s use of language further extends the idea of purposelessness and insignificance. Stoppard bring... Free Essays on Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Free Essays on Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, written in the 1960s by playwright Tom Stoppard, is a transformation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Stoppard effectively relocates Shakespeare’s play to the 1960s by reassessing and reevaluating the themes and characters of Hamlet and considering core values and attitudes of the 1960s- a time significantly different to that of Shakespeare. He relies on the audience’s already established knowledge of Hamlet and transforms a revenge tragedy into an Absurd drama, which shifts the focus from royalty to common man. Within Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Stoppard uses a play within a play to blur the line that defines reality, and in doing so creates confusion both onstage- with his characters, and offstage- with the audience. Using these techniques, Stoppard is able make a statement about his society, creating a play that reflected the attitudes and circumstances of the 1960s, therefore making it more relevant and relatable to t he audiences of that time. The transformation of a Shakespearean Revenge Tragedy into an Absurd Drama means a considerable change in structure from a well-structured and rigid format, into a chaotic and formless play. Stoppard deliberately alters the configuration of the play to create a confusing atmosphere, which creates the exact feeling of society in the 1960s- no definites or certainties to rely on. Language portrays meaning in both plays- the language of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead differs to that of Hamlet. Stoppard employs meaningless colloquial exchanges, such as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s question game, which strongly contrasts to Shakespearean elaborate and poetic verse, as seen throughout the play, especially in Hamlet’s soliloquies- â€Å"There is special providence in the fall of a sparrow.† This is thoughtful and philosophical. Stoppard’s use of language further extends the idea of purposelessness and insignificance. Stoppard bring...

Outline a framework for assessing the effectiveness of aid in Essay

Outline a framework for assessing the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development in developing countries. Critically - Essay Example Thus, the difference between government enacted foreign aid programs and private, charitable, or volunteer groups donating money and services to development causes can be distinguished as two categories of international development aid: public policy and private charity. What is classified as â€Å"foreign aid† for example under public policy and is â€Å"given† to foreign States as part of a nation like Britain or America’s foreign policy might include military and economic aid together in a package that is intended to strengthen State structures of authority rather than indigenous community economic development. Private groups that seek to implement assistance programs independently of foreign States may have different obstacles and program criteria than the government aid assistance programs. Therefore, it is important to understand the difference between public and private development initiatives, and to analyze each on its own unique set of standards and req uirements relating to the way the issues are framed and the policies set into practice. Government aid programs to developing countries may be undertaken unilaterally, as many of the developed economic States such as Britain, the U.S., Japan, France, Finland, China, Denmark and other countries enact as part of their foreign policy. At the same time, these same countries may also engage in official assistance to international aid programs as part of the UN, EU, OAS, or NATO. This foreign aid is intended as economic assistance but donated in relation to the political goals of the nations involved. Historically, this would be considered the aid most easily lost to corruption, most likely to land in the Swiss bank accounts of despots, to be wasted, funneled into military and police repression tectics, and generally used to encourage a greater system of inequality in the foreign country by exacerbating the division of wealth in the society, or the inequality of capital distribution among its citizens. This type of foreign aid may lead to crony capitalism, dictatorships, banana republics, or proxy States that exist in opposition to their populations and actually deter economic and social development through the production of a corrupt and unequal society. These patterns typified foreign assistance aid to Africa in the 1970’s, Central and South America in the 1980’s, and Pakistan, Egypt, and other countries considered vital in the war on terror in the current paradigm. The characteristic of this type of aid is that it goes to a corrupt or undemocratic and non-transparent proxy State of the superpowers and the resources are used exclusively by the corrupt or crony class of insiders related to the local national party structure. This type of foreign development aid is generally the least effective and the least likely to actually â€Å"trickle down† to the communities represented by three billion of the world’s poorest, families who live on less than $1 per day, often lacking any type of clean water, sanitation, education, or electrical facilities. Yet, the government policy driven types of foreign development assistance may also take the form of â€Å"Peace Corps†

Needs Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Needs Assessment - Essay Example In order to effectively utilize modern technologies, user manuals become an essential part of business needs because it facilitates employees with certain information related to the proper process of utilization of technological features or applications. Consequently, through the gained learning from user manual related to the operational process of a technological application, employees could support and be beneficial to the organization to achieve the organizational goals through performing effectively or systematically. Moreover, satisfying employees through providing the primary requirements by the organization also becomes an essential need for the organization in order to increase commitment of the employees. Audience Audience in this particular circumstance is the employees. Employees play an effective role for the organization by helping and leading the organization to serve in the market with its products and services. With the consideration to this aspect, an organization s hould motivate its employees to perform better with the assigned tasks. In order to motivate its employees and maintain their work-life balance, the organization should implement new technologies i.e. ... fore starting the work assigned by the organization, employees should study the operational objectives of the organization in order to perform effectively. Situation Performing in accordance with the organizational requirements and considered or implemented modern technologies, the employees could face certain difficulties, i.e. lack of proper operational knowledge regarding usage of MS Office and office e-mail system. Lack of adequate knowledge related to the identified technologies refers to the situation in which employees are unfamiliar with proper functionalities of the undertaken technologies by the organization while serving and supporting the organization to achieve the objectives effectively. Furthermore, it is also observed from the interview that certain number of employees also face various problems regarding proper utilization of the applications because the employees have got a lack of information regarding the appropriate operation usage. Moreover, the problems can be identified as lack of knowledge regarding adaptability of the applications, frequent occurrence of errors while handling the applications and inadequate knowledge regarding the features of the applications. Goals Every organization has certain goals while operating in the market. The primary goals of organization are to assist the prevailing customers of the market by meeting their requirements through providing quality products and services along with maximizing the organizational profits. Furthermore, other fundamental goals of organization can be identified as facilitating usage of modern technology and innovative ideas in accordance with changing needs of globalization. The goals of organization are to provide facilities to the employees, such as insurance, better salary, and good

International environmental management and sustainability Assignment

International environmental management and sustainability - Assignment Example In order to secure the future of the planet, there is a need to cut down the carbon footprints. The steps should be taken individually and on the mass level to make a difference. There are many ways to cut down the carbon footprints; like consuming as less energy as possible, utilizing renewable methods to generate energy, limiting the cutting of forests and planting more trees, using alternate fuel in the vehicles that produce no or less green house gases or utilizing the electric vehicles or covering short distances by foot or through cycling. In this way, the environmental protection can be guaranteed and the future of the planet earth can be secured (Carbonfootprints.com, nd, np). Diagnostic Base-line I noticed that a larger amount of carbon emissions are produced by the vehicles and as the travelling all around the world is increasing, the amounts of carbon emissions are also increasing. In this way, I aimed to reduce my individual carbon footprints by utilizing cycle or cover t he short distances by foot. ... In order to reduce my travel carbon footprints, I made decision to never use car for such short distances, instead I use bicycle for such short distance or cover the distance by foot. However, utilizing bicycle is a better option as it covers distance fast. For this reason, I bought a bicycle. The price of the bicycle can be covered by the saving the cost of the fuel. Every year vehicles are the major contributor in making the carbon footprints amount larger. According to a survey in 2004, it is estimated that about a distance of averagely 2.6 trillion miles was covered by cars and light trucks. The distance is as long as about 10 million complete trips to the moon from the earth. The estimated amount of miles per gallon an average vehicle gives was about 19.6 mpg, which is improved to a much lower value. An average type of gasoline has a content of about 5.3 pounds of carbon in a gallon. In this way, utilizing a gallon of gasoline in our cars produces about 5.3 pounds of carbon. If the miles per gallon are estimated to 20 mpg for an average car, then for 20 miles a vehicles produces about 5.3 pounds of carbon footprints and thus for a distance of about 2.6 trillion miles, the carbon produces is about 0.689 trillion pounds. The individual production of carbon from travel is about 1.5 tonnes per year. In this way, if a major reduction is made in the travel carbon footprints, the atmospheric carbon footprint can be reduced to a certain lower level. (Science-news.org, 2008, np) Aims The major air is to reduce my total carbon footprints, which are about 5.89 tonnes per year. However, the major contribution is made by my travel carbon footprints, which are about 3.08

Analysis of Web Service Efficiency

Analysis of Web Service Efficiency Abstract Web service standards used nowadays are Extensible Markup Language based and the important technology in communication between heterogeneous applications are over Internet. Thereby selecting an efficient web services among numerous options satisfying client requirements has become a challenging and time consuming road block. The path for the optimal execution of all the user request is done using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The results have shown how our proposed methodology can help the user to select the most reliable web service available. Our analysis is about creating a cost effective servicing mechanism for web services, if effectively implemented this concept will reduce the need for network engineers in maintenance of web services. As a result of the parallelism technique used in this analysis significant reduction in RT and increase in composition speed has been observed. Keywords: Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Extensible Markup Language, Web Services, Service Quality Architecture (SQA)   1. Introduction In the Service Web the feedback of customers constitutes a substantial component of Web Service trustworthiness and reputation, this in turn affects the consumer service uptake in the future. All that we presents here is an approach to predict and assess the various reputations that are prevalent in the services oriented environment that is prevalent. All the web services enable computer-computer (c2c) communication in a heterogeneous environment, hence they are very suitable for an environment such as the internet. People can use the standardized web service model for rapid design, implement and extended applications. Many enterprises and corporations provide different web services to be more responsive and cost-effective. All activities that are composite services in nature may be defined by the graphs of control flow and the after coming data graphs. As a service provider, the foremost importance is for the bound(upper), the mean RT of a request given some request load and some architectural environment. Furthermore, this computation should be only performed before the actual deployment and usage of the service. In exceptional cases of service thats of composite nature this performance of the service depends on only the hypotheses about all the invoked service that are elementary in nature. Component approaches another very important benefit is reuse. In the web service definition language all the service that are of elementary nature are conceptually limited to relatively very simple features that can be only modeled by a collection of operations that co exist. Moreover, in due to the application kind its very much necessary to combine a set of all the web services into a single composite web servic e. All of the proposed methodology exploits is the ideas from the Software Architecture- and Component-based approaches to software design. The process of web service selection and discovery of system is essential to provide the clients with proper results and that fulfills their requirements. Its impossible for anybody to fulfill the task without considering all the ranking relations that exist between thousands of various available candidates that have similar functionalities. Thus, ranking is a fundamental process of a Web service selection system, as this integrates all the results thats gathered from previous stages and presents them to those requested. This paper is focused on the various ranking process by considering users SQA requirements. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) A Hidden Markov Model is very well related to the study of how likely or unlikely things are going to happen in the graphical model that is available and well suited in dealing with a sequence of data that are related. The very basic way of thinking this is that we have a set of states, but the road block is we wouldnt know the state directly (this is the reason that makes it hidden). Instead of this, we can only make a state, but we are not in position to tell the state of proceedings for sure. Addition to this is that there are changes (from one thing to another) that is in between states. Each of the change (from one thing to another) between the states is also called as a chance. Sometimes these are known, sometimes they are not known. These states are very flexible instrument that can be put to use not just for clarification purpose but also for (division of something to smaller parts) the purpose and even to create or see or hear things that arent there data. The property of ge nerative works by training a model on this data and then randomly creating chances of (instance of watching, noticing or making a statement) and change (from one thing to another). In this way, you can create data using a hidden markov model. 2.1 Definition Our model of HMM is defined by specifying the following variables: X = {x1, x2, , xn} = set of states Z ={z1, z2, , zm} = the output alphabet à Ã¢â€š ¬(i) = probability of being in state xi at time t = 0 A = transitional probability = {aij}, where aij= P r[entering state xj at time t + 1 | in state xiat time t]. Note that the probabilities of going from state i to state j doesnt depend on the previous states at earlier times. B = output probability ={bj(k)}, where bj(k) = P r[zk at time t | in state xj at time t]. For the purpose of giving an example, lets say that we have two biased coins, which we are ipping, and an observer is seeing the results of our coin ips (not which coin were ipping). In fact, suppose that what we are actually doing can be described by Figure1.Here, the states of the HMM are q1 and q2 (the coins), the output alphabet is fH; Tg, and the transition and output probabilities are as labeled. If we let(q1)=1and(q2) = 0 then the following is a example of a possible transition sequence and output sequence for the HMM in the following diagram. We can easily calculate probabilities for the following events. 1. The probability of the above transition sequence: Pr[x1x1x1x2x2x1x1]= à Ã¢â€š ¬(x1)a11a11a12a22a21a11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  0.025 The probability of the above output sequence given the above transition sequence: Pr[HHTTTTH]|(x1x1x1x2x2x1x1)] = 2/3,2/3,1/3,5/ 6,1/3 ,2/3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0.023 The probability of the above output sequenceandtheabovetransition sequence: Pr[(HHTTTTH)^(x1x1x1x2x2x1x1)] à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  (0.025).(0.023) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  5.7 ÃÆ'- 10-4 2.2 HMM Applications Classification: speech recognition (time series), handwriting recognition (sequence of points), patterns and motifs in DNA (sequence of characters), analyzing video sequences. Modeling transitions: road snapping to work out which segment the user was most likely on (a sequence of points). Generation: text to speech (another time series application). Calculating the transition probability depends on the problem you are trying to address. In some cases (e.g. road snapping) you can compute it directly from the data. If you know the observation probabilities, then working out the transition probabilities is relatively easy (it comes down to finding the path that maximizes the observation probabilities and doing a count to get a measure of the transition probabilities). The most popular of all probability estimation approaches for HMM is the Baum-Welch algorithm, which allows the estimation of both observation and transition probabilities simultaneously. 3. Service Quality Architecture (SQA) The most important Service Quality Architecture that is used in this paper are RT, cost of execution, availability of space, all the reputation and the successful rate of execution. The RT can be defined in quite a few ways. For instance, RT can be stated as the time in between the sending of request and that of receiving the response. This is the period that involves all the receiving request of message time, QT(queuing time), ET(execution time) and receiving RT by the requester. Measuring these time sections is very difficult because they depend on network conditions. Alternatively, it can be measured as the time between receiving request by service provider and sending response to service requestor. This time it includes QT and ET only affected by the workload of the web service. This is the value that must be continuously updated in each and every web services because of the work load thats of changing nature and web service may change during the work time. Execution cost of this process is a fee received by the service provider from the service requestor during each and every execution. The fee for this is determined solely by the service provider and can change due to the web service providers financial policy at that moment. The availability is a very important degree, that is a web service is accessible and ready for immediate use at any given point. From service requester for each execution. This fee is determined by service provider and may change according to web service providers financial policy. Availability is the degree that a web service is accessible and ready for immediate use. 3.1 SQA Notations The Service Quality Architecture used in this paper is summarized in Table1: SQA Description RT It is the time between receiving and sending request EC Execution cost request Availability Up time Up time down time Reputation Repi Total no.of usage Successful ER No.of successful request Total no.of request Descriptions of notations used in this paper are as follow: m: number of tasks. n: number of candidate web services for each task. pi: i-th atomic process of a composition schema (1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m). wsij: j-th candidate web service for the ith atomic process, (1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m , 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ n). d: index of SQA . wd: weight of the d-th SQA constraint defined by a client. Cond:permissiblevalueofthe d-th SQA (constraints). Aggd: aggregated value of the d-th S Q A of a composition plan. bij: binary decision variable (0 or 1). If bij=1 then j-th candidate web service is selected for i-th process. 3.1 Aggregation Value of SQA Generally, composition plans are constituted from serial, cycle, XOR-parallel and AND-parallel execution patterns. According to the definition of SQA, the aggregative value of web service composition is calculated regarding to its workflow pattern. The description and aggregation values of workflow patterns are discussed below. For the negative criteria, all the values are scaled to equation 2. For positive criteria, all the values are scaled to equation 1. In our paper the values of n SQA attributes of a service S as a vector: Qs = (Qs1, Qs2, ,Qsn) are modeled and all the value of SQA requirement requested by a consumer are vector Qr = (Qr1, Qr2,Qrn) are considered. All the consumers preference values thus are set on SQA attribute that are each in a vector pr = (pr1,pr2,,prn)where pri[1,n].Thus if a consumer has no preferences over an attribute, n will be considered the default preference value for that specific parameter. Related Works The times of server for the database of composite nature Web services have been examined in full detail, this follows the fork-join execution model. The proposal of the author here is that while performing a join operation or execution, the servers with slow RTs will be eliminated to maximize the performance of the server. All the work here is the more orientation towards examination of the fork-join model thereby to understand the resulting merger of data from various servers. All the work in this domain regarding the performance of the Web services is more inclined towards the composite web services and their RT. When the execution of a composite service that have been examined as a fork-join model. Thus here in the model of the states that a single application in the Internet that invokes many different Web services that are in parallel and thereby gathers their responses and from all the launched services to return thereby, all the results to a client are not affected in general. The perfect explanation of the fork and the join system, that is under some hypothesis is to be found. This hypothesis states that the number of servers that is equal to 2, when the job arrival is in the Poisson process and that the task are in exponential service time distribution in general. The great scientist Nelson and Tantawi proposed that an approximation in the case where all the number of servers is much greater or equal to that of 2 and a homogeneous and exponential servers. After which, a more general case that is presented is where the arrival and service process are general in nature. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSQ, Interactive Evolutionary Computation(IEC),) and Differential evolution (DE) are the major 3 evolutionary algorithm that are on focus in this paper. When IEC is the suitable algorithm for discrete optimization (DO), PSO and DE that offer the continuous optimization are more natural. In this paper we give an introduction to all the 3 similar type of EA techniques to highlight all the common procedures of computation. The most common one we have is the observations in the similarities and differences among the 3 algorithms that are based on various computational steps that are discussed here contrasting to their basic performances. Overall the summary of the literatures discussed is given on the location allocation, flexibility in job shop, multimode resource project that have scheduling road blocks and vehicle routing constraints. 4.1 Average RT Calculation The average RT calculation is a measure of the time that an Enterprise Server consumes in order to return the result that is correct and needed. The RT gets affected by numerous factors such as the quantity of user, bandwidth of network thats available at that point of time, average think time of the server and the basic request type submitted to the server. Here in this section, the RT refers to the average or mean RT. Each and every type of the request has own minimal RT. Even though, when during the evaluation or the testing of the system performance, RT is based on the analysis of average RT of all the requests that is sent to the server. More faster the RT of web service, the more requests/min are being processed overall. However, as the number of users on the system rises, the RT starts to rise proportionally, all though the number of request/min decreases. The below mentioned graph of the system performance of all the server indicates that after a point, the requests/min are inversely proportional to RT. The more sharper the downfall in the requests/min, the steeper the increase in RT. The below mentioned figure clearly point at peak load which is when there quests/min starts to fall. Before this point, RT calculations are not precisely done and was not necessary because they do not use the peak numbers in the formula. But from now on, this point in the graph, the admin is more precisely calculated RT by using maximum number of users and requests/min. The formula used above is calculated using the below method and notations. Tresponse, thats the RT(in seconds) at peak load: Tresponse = n/r Tthink No.of con-current users is denoted by n No. of requests/sec that the server receives is denoted by r The avg think time (in sec) is denoted by Tthink The think time is always included in the equation to get a precise and accurate RT result. If n is max, then the system supports at peak load is6,500/second. r is at peak load, then the system can process at peak load is 2,770/second. The avg think time, Tthink, is 5 sec/request. Therefore RT is calculated by the following formula: Tresponse = n/r Tthink = (5000/ 1000) 3 sec. = 5 3 sec. Thus, the RT is 2 seconds. Application Server performances critical factors are RT, along with throughput. Everything after the systems RT is being calculated at the peak load. 5. Proposed Methodology Optimal web service composition plan that is a composition plans of this road block is very large (nm), is proposed in our paper that presents an approach to find and improve GA that are presented, it quickly converges all the appropriate composition plan. The Tabu search that is being used for generating the neighbor plans and are simulated annealing the heuristic that is applied for accepting or rejecting the neighbor plan. In this phase, all the services thats located after the users requirement will be deleted. Thereby, the remaining services that fulfill the user request. Now among these services, a service with the higher score will be selected. We have proposed the Tabu search and the simulated annealing (SA) that is a constrained satisfaction based approach. Yet, the approach has a high possibility of not completing the local optimum because it is unable to work on more than 1 composition plan simultaneously. We presented an approach in which genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal composition plan. The SA method applies progressive updates to the further generation and the selection of chromosomes to increment the speed of the algorithm performance. Thus, Self-orchestration explains all the Interaction between and within the services that itself orchestrates, before doing anything it actually does the execution. One of the primary languages for the defining self choreographies is the Web Service Choreography Description Language. When this is used partial initialization of chromosomes to escape all the local optimums in general. After all, this proposed method will works on a test sample of composition plans, which is on the contrary to the Tabu method. The different composition approaches that describes the different composition models is provided, which are self-orchestration, self-choreography, self-coordination and part of the component. Self-Orchestration is a description of how the services that participate in the composition of interaction at the message level, including the various order in which iterations that possibly should be executed as well as the business logic. Fig 1: Values of All Web Services and Tasks 5.1 Proposed Design The following diagram shows the activity functions. By using the database it will show all the relevant content to the user. And it tells about the flow of activity of each object. Activity diagram is another important diagram to describe dynamic aspects of the system. Its basically a flow chart that represent the flow from one activity to next activity. In this case the following diagram consist of Server, User, database, checking various query and Sub query. Each actor will perform certain function to achieve the desired goal. First a user enters into a system by providing correct user name and password. After this we will be able to type the query. A use case diagram in its simplest form is a representation of a users interaction with the all the system and depicting the various specifications of a use case. This should be noted that the process of filtering all the web services consists of functional match making and non-functional matchmaking as well. In functional matchmaking, all the web services that have different functionalities from the client are filtered out fully and on the other hand, in non- functional matchmaking, the web services that dont have the appropriate quality are only eliminated. At this stage, the candidate web services for each task are selected. Now the details of the user are fetched into the web agent memory or a temporary storage allocation site. Further the web agents analysis the various web applications in order to finalize the optimal web servers and the resulting information are displayed with user comments and reviews. Fig 2: Flowchart The below diagram tells about the different sequence we are following to make a user to view his related content. In this diagram contain different object like User, database, Validate, relevant and web access. And it tells about the flow of sequence between the objects. A sequence diagram is a kind of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. The user inputs the login details and connects through we access which are then linked to the time and review request. Now, web agent analysis the various requests from the web applications and provides the information regarding the time and review and gives the possible details to the user. Fig 3: Sequence Diagram In recent years, the application of web-based systems in institutions and government agencies is increasing. Introduction of web services is an effective approach in business structures to provide the required capabilities of service providers for services composition. Selecting the precise user service based on the users request is primarily based upon the service quality of the available web services. Several different methods have been suggested to solve the road block of web services composition based on qualitative characteristics. These methods can be divided into two types of exact methods and approximate methods. The first type is known as non-innovative methods which selects the best design from all available designs by examining and calculating the candidates routes and thus provide a more precise answer. In the second type or innovative methods, contrary to the first type, an ideal design that is close to the best and most accurate answer will be chosen. The below mentioned graph that actually compares the various web services that are available in that field and displays its performance based on RT and user reviews that are given. Fig 4: Resulting Graph Due to the importance of optimal composition of web services in recent years, a lot of works have been done in the field of each method. By studying various types of innovative algorithm, one can conclude that many road blocks still exist to solve in web services composition based on qualitative characteristics. For instance, each of these methods usually have local optimality road block alone or in genetic algorithm that are non complex and basic, the crossover type and the operation of mutation acts randomly and without any guidance, which leads to degeneration of the method. Therefore, efforts to improve efficiency such as using combined methods, operators like revolution operator or adding functions to improve were performed. These techniques are provided for better speed, faster convergence, and higher efficiency in large spaces. Based on the mentioned studies, there is no specific benchmark tool for evaluating the algorithm. Although some researchers used different simulation environments or different data to compare them with each other, the results show that different methods have different disadvantages and they do not have any specific standard. Skyline algorithm method and parallelism technique are used in this proposed method in order to provide the best composition with regard to the shortest RT in high scalability. Conclusion For the purpose of retaining their client all the web services first priority is maintaining Service Quality. This paper pays attention to the RTs of composite Web service that plays a very important role in attaining service quality in web services.. We propose a heuristic model for predicting RT of web service and thereby selecting an optimal web service at the runtime from the list of functionally similar web services. For the purpose of the probabilistic instances of Web Services. We have used Hidden Markov Model. Our model has been made with the assumption of Web Services that is deployed on a cluster of web servers and thereby sometime the delayer crash during WS invocation happens which is because the bad node in sever clustering responds to request of the user. By using HMM where ever needed we have predicted the probabilistic nature and predicted the behavior of these web servers and then selected the Web Services based on their optimal probabilistic value. An approach is proposed to solve the Service Quality Architecture aware Web Service selection road block. To avoid this problem, an SQA based algorithm is presented that will reveal all selection leading to the results thats very close to optimal, efficient solution. This process in arriving at the solution is also done at a rapid speed which is worth mentioning. 7. Reference SalehieTahvildari L. Selfadaptive software: Landscape research challenges. ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems. 2009;4:1-42. T.Rajendran, P.Balasubramanie. An efficient architecture for agent-based dynamic web service discovery with SQA. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology; Islamabad Pakistan. 2010 May; 15(2). J.Cardoso, et al. Quality of service in workflows and Web service processes: Web Semantics Science, Services and Agents on the WorldWideWeb.2004; 1:281-308. CardelliniV, et al. MOSES: A framework for QOS driven runtime adaptation of service-oriented systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.2011. ErradiA, Maheshwari P. Dynamic binding framework for adaptive web services. Proceedings of the 2008 Third International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services; 2008. LIU, Z., J. LI, J, LI, A. AN, J. XU, A Model for Web Services Composition Based on SQA and Providers Benefit, Proc. Int. Conf. on Wireless communications, networking and mobile computing, Beijing, China, (2009), pp.4562-4565. SIRIN,E.,B.PARSIA,D.WU,J.HENDLER,D. NAU, HTN Planning for Web Service Composition Using SHOP2, Web Semantics Vol.1, (2004), pp. 377-396. DAMBROGIO, A, A Model-driven WEB SERVICE DEFINITION LANGUAGE Extension for Describing the SQA of Web Services, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Web Services, (2006), pp. 789 -796. LIANG, W.Y., C.C. HUANG, H.F. CHUANG, The Design With Object (DWO) Approach to Web Services Composition, Computer Standards Interfaces, Vol29, (2007), pp.54-68. FERCHICHI, S.E., K. LAABIDI, S. ZIDI Genetic Algorithm and Tabu Search for Feature Selection, Studies in Informatics and Control. 11.F.CURBERA., M. DUFTLER, R.KHALAF,W. NAGY, N. MUKHI, S. WEERAWARANA, unraveling web services, An introduction to SOAP, WEB SERVICE DEFINITION LANGUAGE and UDDI, IEEE Internet Computing , Vol.6 (2002), pp.86-93. 12. KOSHMAN.S, visual -based information Retrieval on the Web, Library and Information Science Research Vol.28 (2006), pp.192-207. 13.CHEN L.S, F.H HSU, M.C CHEN, Y.C HSU, Developing Recommender Systems with the Consideration of Product Profitability for Sellers, Information Sciences, Vol.178 (2008), pp.1032-1048. 14. CHEN Y, L.ZHOU, D.ZHANG, ontology-supported Web Service composition, An approach to service-oriented knowledge Management in Corporate Services , Database Management Vol.17 (2002), pp.67-84. 15.OSULLIVAN J, D.EDMOND, A.T HOFSTEDE, whats in a service? Disturbed and Parallel Databases Vol.12 (2002), pp.117-

Brief History Of Library Automation: 1930-1996 :: essays research papers fc

Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996 An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the library's key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it is possible to return to past centuries when visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist with their book lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the French "Book Wheel" allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on a pedal that turned a book table. Another interesting example was the "Book Indicator", developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature books to represent books in the library's collection. The miniature books were part of a design that made it possible to determine if a book was in, out or overdue. These and many more examples of early ingenuity in library systems exist, however, this paper will focus on the more recent computer automation beginning in the early twentieth century. The Beginnings of Library Automation: 1930-1960 It could be said that library automation development began in the 1930's when punch card equipment was implemented for use in library circulation and acquisitions. During the 30's and early 40's progress on computer systems was slow which is not surprising, given the Depression and World War II. In 1945, Vannevar Bush envisioned an automated system that would store information, including books, personal records and articles. Bush(1945) wrote about a hypothetical "memex" system which he described as a mechanical library that would allow a user to view stored information from several different access points and look at several items simultaneously. His ideas are well known as the basis for hypertext and mputers for their operations. The first appeared at MIT, in 1957, with the development of COMIT, managing linguistic computations, natural language and the ability to search for a particular string of information. Librarians then moved beyond a vision or idea for the use of computers, given the technology, they were able make great advances in the use of computers for library systems. This lead to an explosion of library automation in the 60's and 70's. Library Automation Officially is Underway: 1960-1980 The advancement of technology lead to increases in the use of computers in libraries. In 1961, a significant invention by both Robert Noyce of Intel and Jack Kirby of Texas Instruments, working independently, was the integrated circuit. All the components of an electronic circuit were placed onto a single "chip" of silicon. This invention of the integrated circuit and newly developed disk and tape storage devices gave computers the speed, storage and ability

“the Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profit”

Businesses have many responsibilities, the primary role being, to make profit and then in turn grow and expand as a business in the hope that they increase profits. After all, not many people want to be in the business of losing money, it is simply the function of a business †¦ to make money. However, in saying that, I would disagree in saying that this is entirely a â€Å"social† responsibility. Businesses have a responsibility to their stakeholders and/or their shareholders to increase profits, but socially they are required to do so much more. In terms of â€Å"social† responsibility, in this current day and age, businesses have a responsibility to society. I believe consumers are generally not concerned about the profit businesses makes, they are more concerned about the quality, service and value they receive from dealing with a business, and more importantly whether the success of the business was gained by them following socially and ethically responsible business practices. In the past, businesses would forfeit their social responsibility at the cost of increasing profit. A good example of this is multinational conglomerate, Proctor & Gamble, identified by PETA as a corporation that actively participates in animal testing1 to ensure that their products are safe for people to use. Yes, they are fulfilling their â€Å"social† responsibility in ensuring that their products do not harm their consumers, but now society and organisations are pointing the finger and actively boycotting companies such as Proctor & Gamble, for ignoring their social responsibility. Businesses have had to turn things around to adapt to the views of changing society. Being socially responsible is now a costly exercise. Due to their previous poor business ethics, they have to date invested almost $250 million in alternative testing methods in an effort to abolish all forms of animal testing. 2 Not only now is it socially unacceptable to practice â€Å"bad† business ethics, but it is socially unacceptable for businesses that make too much money to ignore the needs of the needy. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft together with the efforts of his wife Melinda have established the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The foundation donates millions of dollars every year, aiding many projects with their slogan being â€Å"all lives have equal value†. It is now the duty of businesses and many large corporations to be socially responsible and contribute to society on a larger scale. It is simply incorrect to say that increasing profit is the sole responsibility of a business. It is the social responsibility of a business to be socially responsible, in all facets. Portraying a ‘socially responsible’ image is detrimental to increasing profits, this has not always been the case, many companies that were once selfless entities who’s only mission was to profiteer at any cost have realised that with the changes in society, they have had to change the way they conduct their business. Sadly, many businesses and corporations participate in â€Å"socially responsible† activities for the purpose of increasing profit, businesses are not changing their packaging to pink to ‘secretly’ support breast cancer, they do so, so that you and I know about it. These so called acts of social responsibility are a form of advertising and they are done to show consumers just how â€Å"good† they can be. It is not the social responsibility of businesses to increase profit, but it is the social responsibility of companies to be socially responsible to increase profit.

Free Essays on Scarlet Letter

Scarlett Letter In the Scarlet Letter, the author uses many different types of symbols to show what he has experienced as a young man, and what he has to say about the society during his time. The different settings of the story are ways in which he describes his environment and how it has treated him as a child. One symbol he uses a lot was the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter takes on different meanings as the course of the story progresses. It also takes on various appearances and symbolism.The letter changes from meaning 3adultery2 into meaning 3able.2 Not only does the letter symbolize Hester1s punishment, but it also serves as different personal meanings to the various characters in the story such as Chillingworth, Dimmesdale, and Pearl to name a few. In the Scarlet Letter, there are many different forms of the letter A , not only that, but the letter A also acquires a variety of meanings. Hawthorne describes the prison as 3the black flower of civilized society2 (p.48) Here he uses the build ings to describe the crime and punishment of his early life. And by using the symbol of a tombstone at the end of the story, he1s probably trying to say that crime and cruel punishment could lead to your death. He also uses the grass plot, saying that it is 3much overgrown with burdock,....and such unsightly vegetation2 (p.48) which symbolizes the things that make people corrupt and why these lead to them being in prison. He also uses the wild rosebush to symbolize 3....sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow.2 (p.48). The author also gives somewhat of a dim, chill, social, unkind atmosphere to Puritanism. In Chapter 2 he describes by saying 3like a black shadow...grim and grisly...with a sword by his side, and his staff of office in his hand.2 (p.52).The letter A appears in a variety of forms and appearances. It is the elaborately gold-embroidered A on He... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Evil In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Writings Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†, uses the concept of evil as a main theme in some of his stories. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† is not a simple story focusing on a clear line separating good from evil. Instead, the story focuses on the gray area where good and evil overlap. In Rappaccini’s Daughter, Rappaccini, a scientist who â€Å"cares more for science than for mankind’, makes a solution to keep his daughter pure forever, therefore he is considered the evil in the story. In the Scarlet Letter, Roger Chillingworth is considered the evil, even though one could argue that many of the main characters in the story are sinners or are evil including all of the townspeople. The concept of evil is also shown in contrast to the concept of good in both stories. In The Scarlet Letter, one can argue that it is a romance as well as an evil novel, same can be said with â€Å"Rappaccini’s Da ughter†, where they contrast between beauty and evil. In Rappaccini’s Daughter, the theme that any man who touches Rappaccini’s daughter, without his approval will die, gives the story a sense thrill and evil. Rappaccini’s love for science gives him an image of a mad scientist, who sacrifices moral values in exchange for knowledge. He distorts nature and corrupts his daughter in order to satisfy his arrogant pride. This may be considered as pure evil, but he does this actually thinking that his daughter would benefit from his scientific experiment. In my opinion, this was a quest for knowledge and the need for power. By isolating his daughter, Rappaccini knew he could keep her ignorant and dependent upon him. The immense power he has given his daughter is ultimately for his own use and not to protect her.... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter centers round the consequences of sin, especially shame and guilt. It is to be noted that the sin of adultery is, in itself, not the subject matter of the novel. In fact, the novel opens after the sin has been committed and Pearl, the offspring of the sinful, but natural, union is three months old. As Hawthorne himself states in the opening chapter, the novel is about human weakness and its resulting sorrow. Hawthorne's focus of attention is the effect the sin has on Hester and Dimmesdale. They constantly suffer from shame and guilt throughout the novel. Both of them lead joyless lives. Dimmesdale, however, suffers much more intensely than Hester. Hester is made to publicly acknowledge her sin. A scarlet letter "A" is permanently placed on her dress to symbolize her adultery, and she is made to stand on the scaffold with her baby for several hours of public humiliation. She becomes a social outcast of the Puritan society and lives in isolation on the outskirts of town. Pearl, her lively and uncontrollable daughter, is the daily living proof of Hester's sin. With pride, she dresses her daughter in brightly colored clothing and holds her on head up high. She also concerns herself with doing acts of charity and kindnesses for other people. Even though her life is difficult and drab, Hester, through her own doing, rises about the scarlet letter "A" on her chest. In complete contrast to Hester, Dimmesdale does not publicly confess his sin, and it eats away at him bit by bit. His health begins to fail, and his body is seized by nervousness. He hints at his sinfulness in the pulpit, but his congregation simply assumes he is being humble and honors him even more; this only increases his sense of shame and guilt. Chillingworth, who realizes that Dimmesdale is Pearl's father, adds to the minister's torture. Under the guise of help, the evil physician torments Dimmesdale daily. ... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Chapter One: The Prison Door Summary A large crowd of Puritans stands outside of the prison, waiting for the door to open. The prison is described as a, "wooden jail...already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front." The iron on the prison is rusting and creates an overall appearance of decay. Outside of the building, next to the door, a rosebush stands in full bloom. Hawthorne remarks that it is possible, "this rosebush...had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson, as she entered the prison door." He then plucks one of the roses and offers it to the reader as a "moral blossom" to be found later in the story. Chapter Two: The Market Place Summary The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges. One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester. Hester emerges from the prison with elegance and a lady-like air to her movements. She clutches her three month old daughter, Pearl. She has sown a large scarlet "A" over her breast, using her finest skill to make the badge of shame appear to be a decoration. Several of the women are outraged when they see how she has chosen to display the letter, and want to rip it off. Hester is led through the crowd to the scaffold of the pillory. She ascends the stairs and stands, now fully revealed to the crowd, in her position of shame and punishment for the next few hours. Hawthorne compares her beauty and elegance while on the scaffold to an image of Madonna and Child, or Divine Maternity. The ordeal is strenuous and difficult for Hester. She tries to make the images in front of her vanish by thinking about her past. It is revealed ... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Hawthorne’s introduction to the Scarlet Letter explains his experience(s) in his native town of Salem. He specifies what his goal for the reader is going to be. Spending a lot of his time at the Custom-House (a governmental building in Salem) he describes the atmosphere and diversities of the people who walk up those granite steps. His reason for creating the Custom- House short novel was to introduce a group of short works as well as the long story which was not yet completed, however, his publisher James Fields encouraged Hawthorne to let â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† stand alone. In his native town of Salem, he describes the Custom-House as a sort of old, unattractive building. He elaborates the physical sense of the buildings exterior with the American flag that hangs vertically and the banner of the republic on the roof which he describes as it â€Å"floats or droops, in breeze or calm.† But he gives an in-depth description of the bald eagle that hangs proudly over the entrance of the building. He states â€Å"......to warn all citizens, careful of their safety, against intruding on the premises which she overshadows with her wings: nevertheless, vixenly as she looks, many people are seeking, at this very moment, to shelter themselves under the wing of the federal eagle.† The many different people that came to the Custom-House as Hawthorne exclaims â€Å"made it a stirring scene.† as many as three to four vessels would arrive at a time usually from Africa or South America. They would come into the Custom-House tired and exhausted from long days on their voyages at sea.... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Scarlett Letter In the Scarlet Letter, the author uses many different types of symbols to show what he has experienced as a young man, and what he has to say about the society during his time. The different settings of the story are ways in which he describes his environment and how it has treated him as a child. One symbol he uses a lot was the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter takes on different meanings as the course of the story progresses. It also takes on various appearances and symbolism.The letter changes from meaning 3adultery2 into meaning 3able.2 Not only does the letter symbolize Hester1s punishment, but it also serves as different personal meanings to the various characters in the story such as Chillingworth, Dimmesdale, and Pearl to name a few. In the Scarlet Letter, there are many different forms of the letter A , not only that, but the letter A also acquires a variety of meanings. Hawthorne describes the prison as 3the black flower of civilized society2 (p.48) Here he uses the build ings to describe the crime and punishment of his early life. And by using the symbol of a tombstone at the end of the story, he1s probably trying to say that crime and cruel punishment could lead to your death. He also uses the grass plot, saying that it is 3much overgrown with burdock,....and such unsightly vegetation2 (p.48) which symbolizes the things that make people corrupt and why these lead to them being in prison. He also uses the wild rosebush to symbolize 3....sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow.2 (p.48). The author also gives somewhat of a dim, chill, social, unkind atmosphere to Puritanism. In Chapter 2 he describes by saying 3like a black shadow...grim and grisly...with a sword by his side, and his staff of office in his hand.2 (p.52).The letter A appears in a variety of forms and appearances. It is the elaborately gold-embroidered A on He... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Secret Sin Leads to Guilt In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, Hawthorne depicts a way of life that no longer exists in today’s society. It was a society of fear in a strict moral code. The morals, which were based on religious beliefs, were usually taken too seriously and gave birth to a generation of extremists known as puritans. Many puritans had ridiculously harsh punishments when a law was broken which caused many to live secretly. Secrets are never revealed or told to others in the puritan community. When Chillingworth says to Dimmesdale â€Å"Yet some men bury their secrets thus† it shows to what extent puritans would go to keep their sins hidden from the public (Hawthorne 130). The fact that Dimmesdale could not tell anyone what he had done for fear of punishment and rejection is clearly shown by Chillingworths’ tormenting comments. Once secrets were out everyone in the community knew about it immediately. Hester cannot even bring herself to tell her own daughter the true reason for the scarlet letter, which seems everyone but Pearl knows. Hester states, â€Å"I will keep thy secret, as I have his† which shows her intent on keeping her secret (Hawthorne 45). Many of these secrets are somewhat acceptable in our society, which contrasts the different generations. In today’s world many people commit sins on a daily basis without feeling guilty. Things such as adultery seem a trivial matter because it is not considered illegal. When the third matron says â€Å"At the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead† it shows how serious adultery is taken to the puritans. These strong beliefs ruined many people’s lives due to living a lie in order to escape the people’s harshness. Dimmesdale kept his relationship with Hester a secret, which ultimately kills him. If Dimmesdale had been able to speak freely of his sin, the guilt and stress that built up inside of him would have dimin... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter The Pariah â€Å"†¦The talk of the neighboring townspeople, who, seeking vainly elsewhere for the child’s paternity, and observing some of her odd attributes, had given out that poor little Pearl was a demon offspring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – page 95 of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Since Pearl had no known father, the townspeople gossiped freely of Hester and her Pearl. Because Dimmesdale was not revealed as her father until later in the novel, Pearl suffered the early years of her life as an outcast. Pearl was taunted and stared at by other children. She was even almost taken away from Hester as a toddler. Despite being born of shameful beginnings, Pearl overcomes her lowly status as an outcast; although she is labeled as the â€Å"witch child† of an ignominious mother, does not get a clear explanation of her origin until the day of her father’s death, and when she does, it changes her fate as the â€Å"under-dog†. Everyone has been teased in his or her lifetime. Some forms are harmless, and others are down right cruel. Teasing pertains to Pearl because she is teased unmercifully by the Puritan children. â€Å"†¦ The children of the Puritans looked up from their play†¦ and spoke gravely one to another: ‘Behold, verily, there is the woman of the scarlet letter, and, of a truth, moreover, there is the likeness of the scarlet letter running along by her side! Come, therefore, and let us fling mud at them!’† (98). Since Pearl senses that she is an outcast, she scares the Puritan children by jabbering indistinctly and making wild gestures while shrieking. This causes the nobles of the town to question Hester’s values in child rearing. Pearl, however, beats all odds and is a success story. Ard 2 The magistrate asks Pearl a simple question, â€Å"Canst thou tell me, my child, who made thee?† –(107). Pearl replies that she had not been made at all, but that she had been plucked off the wild rosebush that grew by the prison d... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter The book The Scarlet Letter is all about symbolism. People and objects are symbolic of events and thoughts. Throughout the course of the book, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Hester, Pearl, and Arthur Dimmesdale to signify Puritanic and Romantic philosophies. Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery. For this irrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. However, the Romantic philosophies of Hawthorne put down the Puritanic beliefs. She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned, but is forgiven. Hawthorne portrays Hester as "divine maternity" and she can do no wrong. Not only Hester, but the physical scarlet letter, a Puritanical sign of disownment, is shown through the author's tone and diction as a beautiful, gold and colorful piece. Pearl, Hester's child, is portrayed Puritanically, as a child of sin who should be treated as such, ugly, evil,and shamed. The reader more evidently notices that Hawthorne carefully, and sometimes not subtly at all, places Pearl above the rest. She wears colorful clothes, is extremely smart, pretty, and nice. More often than not, she shows her intelligence and free thought, a trait of the Romantics. One of Pearl's favorite activities is playing with flowers and trees. (The reader will recall that anything affiliated with the forest was evil to Puritans.To Hawthorne, however, the forest was beautiful and natural.) "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the grassy-margined streets of the settlement, or in her mother's cottage. The flowers appeared to know it" (194)Pearl fit in with natural things. Also, Pearl is always effervescent and joyous, which is definitely a negative to the Puritans. Pearl is a virtual shouting match between the Puritanical views and the Romantic ways. To most, but especially the Puritans, one of the most import...

Supply and Demand Simulation Essays

Supply and Demand Simulation Essays Supply and Demand Simulation Essay Supply and Demand Simulation Essay Supply and Demand Simulation Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date: Supply and Demand Simulation According to Adams (2002), microeconomics is the interaction and behavior of individual units in an economy. On the other hand, however, he says that macroeconomics looks at the economy as an aggregate. While microeconomics has a narrow view of the economy, macroeconomics looks at the economy from a broad perspective. In the simulation, for example, Atlantis city is a small and friendly city with adequate infrastructure, which makes it suitable to habit. This can be viewed as the macroeconomic viewpoint of the city since the analysis covers a broad spectrum. The simulation further indicates that there is a low traffic and very little pollution and low crime rate. This establishes a more narrow perspective of the city, looking at individual components of the city that makes it conducive living environment. Adequate infrastructure is also a generalized concept making it a macro economic viewpoint of the city. The mention of the parks and housing narrows down the field into two differen t sublets of infrastructure, that is, housing and recreational facilities (microeconomic concepts). A shift in the demand and supply curve can move to the right or to the left depending on different market forces. A shift to the right of the supply curve would indicate that there has been a subsequent increase in the supply of two-bedroom apartments. There was a shift in the demand curve to the right. This was due to an increase in demand affected by the fact that a new company, Lintech, moved to the city, and there was therefore a population increase and a subsequent increase in demand of two-bedroom apartments. The entry of new population had an in income, which made them prefer detached houses. Demand for two-bedroom apartments went down resulting to a shift in to the left in the demand curve. Goodlife went further and converted 400 apartments out of their 3200 into condominiums. This resulted in a shift in the supply curve to the left. Equilibrium is the point at which the demand and supply curve meet in the middle. This is the point at which the supply of goods and services is directly proportionate to the demand of the same goods and services. In this simulation, it would be the point at which the supply of apartments meets the market demand at a price set by the forces of demand and supply. The equilibrium price was initially at 1050 dollars, and the quantity supplied was 2000 apartment units. A shift to the right in the demand curve, occasioned by an increase in population from Lintech, increases the price of the units supply remaining constant. In terms of decision-making, it will be prudent for the supplier to increase the supply. However, change in the preferences of the consumers occasioned by an increase in income levels meant demand would decrease. The conversion of apartments into condominiums decreased the supply of the apartments. A decrease in demand of the two-bedroom apartments due to change in preferences lead to a decrease in supply, and therefore, the demand and the supply curves would shift to the left. What happens to the equilibrium rental rate and quantity will depend on which of the two effects is stronger. The shift in supply were more than the shift in demand, for example, it would mean that there would be a shortage at the equilibrium rental rate meaning that supply will be lower than what is demanded. Meaning, the company will have to offer fewer apartment units than the potential customer is willing to spend on them. The rental rate would have to go up so that the quantity demanded reduces until there is a reduction in shortage. This process goes on until a new equilibrium point is reach ed. The forces of demand and supply are extremely important in the business world. These forces are subject to various factors on the side of both the consumer and supplier. For example, an increase in demand will be subject to not only price, but also taste and preferences, the income level of the consumer market and even the size of the market. Increase of supply is also affected by various other factors such as price of related goods, size of population among others. In the phone industry, for example, the demand is mainly geared by pricing, but other factors must be put into play. Why would one consider buying an iPhone when it is deemed very expensive? It is simply because the Apple phone company has curved out a niche in providing excellent quality phones that are easy to use. It is therefore crucial to consider the market trends to ensure one’s products are always relevant. It is important to consider all these in one’s entrepreneurial ventures. Microeconomics, as aforementioned, deals and interacts with the individual units of the economy. In the real estate business, microeconomics will look at the various living conditions of different parts of the city and determine who lives there. Microeconomics may analyze the individual aspects that may affect an industry, for example, increase in earnings, population patterns and customer preferences in real estate. An affluent area will have fewer accommodation units directly proportionate to the few who earn high salaries, and less affluent areas will have more people due to the highly affordable housing units. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, would look at the economy from a broader perspective; it determines demand and supply in the whole city of Atlantis having the issues discussed in microeconomics under one umbrella. Equilibrium in essence would be a culmination of price and quantity determined at the micro level. Price elasticity of demand simply refers to customer’s responsiveness or sensitivity to changes in price (Ferrell Hartline, 2008). In the simulation, an increase in price led to a decrease in the demand of apartments. The simulation recommended that the price should be optimized to achieve maximum profits, while at the same time ensuring that the pricing would still be favorable to the customer. This is the point of equilibrium. Prices above this point would lead to surplus and prices below would lead to a shortage. The simulation has been effective in determining the effectiveness of the forces of demand and supply. References Adams, F. G. (2002). Macroeconomics for business and society: A developed/developing country perspective on the â€Å"new economy†. New Jersey: World Scientific. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. D. (2008). Marketing strategy. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western.

Li-ion battery multi-stage charger with power factor correction for Essay

Li-ion battery multi-stage charger with power factor correction for mobile phone - Essay Example ase of implementing the circuit into hardware would be reduced; thus, enabling the introduction of a multiprocessor to control the battery’s charging process (Liu, 2013.p.108-112). By adopting this multi-stage charger, it would be largely expected that appropriate rectifications would be made to the current designs of Li-ion batteries in a manner that would enable users attain total satisfaction from their use. The proposed multi-stage charger would use a diode in the smoothening of the transition between two high-gain linear feedback loops. This would enable it to control the single power device; hence, enable automatic charging of the battery under constant current and voltage (Andreini & Murari, 2002.p.335-341). The main components that would be required for the enhancement of this project for a single isolated configuration of the system would include micro-controllers, temperature regulators and sensors, lead acid and LCD batteries, resistors, ADC and an op amps integrator for the circuits. However, to be able to achieve the goals or this project as far as the acquisition of the gadgets or above noted items and the project’s cost, an approximate total amount of $200 would be required to cater for the budgetary allocations on the same. I hope that this project and related concepts will be concluded by the close of this present semester. In the contemporary world of these days where the use of electronic gadgets is at a higher rate, the main concern of consumers is on the durability of the battery cells that they apply to their devices whether mobile phones, laptops, iPods, among many other such devices. For a long time, the manufacturers of such gadgets have engaged the use of Lithium-ion batteries in the provision of a much needed energy to power the devices. The main concern for the choice of usage for the Li-ion batteries is the accuracy, compactness and power efficiency of the battery’s charger circuits. In order to build up a power factor

Hot topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hot topic - Assignment Example Singer (2015) reports that the independent ethics board has lost the only chairperson it ever had before. Mr. Porter Gross stepped down from the board following the unpopularity of his board. The ethics board is acting unethically by allowing its investigation into the public domain without effective completion. The senior military officials for instance the navy officers has been censured for their roles in in the high trending bribery cases, which put the military at the threat of discrediting. Such a case relates to the current scandal on the navy about sharing of confidential information in exchange of bribe or in prostitution (Brook, 2015). According to Diamond (2015) reports, current research indicates that the US army officers lie often while on duty. A 33-page interview conducted recently shows that the military department is marred with deception and evasions at all the ranks, from junior to senior. The report comes after the revelation of the scandals surrounding the navy boss Hagel. There is consistence in the deception and evasion among the military in their lines of duty. According to reports by Schumacher (2015), teaching profession needs explicit moral guidance for effective service delivery and attainment of desired outcomes. Political influence in teaching profession raises moral concerns especially relating to teaching pedagogies. For instance, Schumacher (2015) reports Governor Cuomo funding and common test influence in New York schools. Such infringements into state schools require observation of ethical morals and standards. Brook, Tom Vanden. (February 17, 2015). Hagels parting ethics advice to brass: Do better. USA Today. Web. April 27, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/02/17/hagel-pentagon-ethics-scandals/23560047/ Roff, Peter. (February 20, 2015). ALEC Wins Big in Ethics Case. US News. April 27, 2015. Retrieved from